Interconnected systems refer to networks or systems that are interconnected and rely on each other to function efficiently. This research area focuses on understanding the complex interactions between different systems and the impact of these interactions on overall system performance. Interconnected systems can include various types of infrastructure, such as transportation networks, communication systems, power grids, and financial systems. Research in this area aims to develop strategies for optimizing the performance and resilience of interconnected systems, as well as understanding how disruptions in one system can affect others. This research is important for ensuring the stability and security of critical infrastructure and improving overall system efficiency.